University Distinguished Professor Emeritus (1986- ) at Virginia Tech. Member, National Academy of Engineering. Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Educated at University of Missouri (A.B. 1938) and Cornell University (Ph.D. 1947). Employment: M.W. Kellogg Company (the Kellex Corporation), 1942-46, participating in design and startup of gaseous diffusion plant at Oak Ridge; Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. of New York City, 1946-59, architect-engineering firm (research laboratories at Trenton, New Jersey) catering to petroleum, chemical, and steel industries; self-employed consultant, 1959-67; faculty of chemical engineering, The City College of The City University of New York (1967-76), Department Chairman (1970-73), Distinguished University Professor (1974-76); Frank C. Vilbrandt Professor of Chemical Engineering (1976-82) and University Distinguished Professor (1978-86), Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. Consultant for U.S. Bureau of Mines, Office of Coal Research, Electric Power Research Institute, United Nations, Office of Technology Assessment, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and others. Author of The Tender Ship: Governmental Management of Technological Change (1986). Expert in fluid beds, petroleum refining, hydrocarbon synthesis, coal conversions (gasification, liquefaction, carbonization, combustion), iron ore reduction, low-temperature processes, dust filtration, air pollution control.